Theory and Practice in Maori Social Work

Theory and Practice in Maori Social Work SOCIAL WORK Integrate Theory and Practice in Social work Task 1 The treaty of Waitaki presents the agreement between Maori and the Crown. The treaty was signed on 6th February 1840 at Waitaki in the Bay of Islands. The Crown signed the treaty with 540 Maori chiefs, and 60 Maori chiefs did not agree about the treaty. The Crown has the right to govern and to develop a British Settlement. There are two texts for Te Tiriti, one in Maori and one in English. The English text is not a direct translation of the Maori text. The existence of two versions that don’t directly translate has caused problems in Aotearoa/NZ as both cede and guaranteed different powers and functions for each party in each of the two versions. Partnership: The principle mentions about the relationship between Maori and the Crown. The Maori and the Crown have good partnership. They have different culture, ethics and languages. They can work together in the community. The Triti there should be Interaction between treaty partners must be based on mutual good faith, cooperation, tolerance, honesty and respect. Social workers also apply the implication of partnership in social services. Protection: Social workers imply protection when they provide services to Maori people. In social work practice, social workers need to provide the protection to clients as their safety and wellbeing. The social worker need to follow the code of rights. Social workers protect clients by avoid the risks. Task 2 Aotearoa New Zealand society The social service needs to make sure gives different needs. The topic specifies about the multi-society. New Zealand is a multi-society country with two primary societies is Maori society and the British society. New Zealand has a wide range of societies. Social service needs to accessible to all ethnicities inside Aotearoa New Zealand. Social workers need to be capable in meeting expectations with all ethnicities, giving services that meet their needs. Te Tiriti o Waitangi The treaty of Waitaki presents the agreement between Maori and the Crown. The treaty was signed on 6th February 1840 at Waitaki in the Bay of Islands. Social service agencies align themselves to the article of Waitaki and the 4 principles contained in the article. The 4 principles are partnership, protection, permission, participation. Social workers must allow and protect Maori Tino Ranatiratanga. Then, social workers must consider culture values, principles and belief. British government initially reluctant to take action, but it will eventually realize that the annexation of the country to protect the Maori. Te Reo, Tikanga and development of Iwi and Maori There are between language and culture the language is embedded in the culture, but also the expression of culture. Social service agencies need to provide appropriate culture supervision and training all social workers provide culturally appropriate and safe practice when working with Maori people. The social services should follow all Maori rights as customs, beliefs and values and Maori language. Social service need to have an integrated approach toward Maori wellbeing. We need to understand about Maori. Gender and sexuality Social workers dont permit having separation to customers. So, in the Human Right Act does not allow victimization individuals on the premise of sex or sexuality. We should first consider the social state of mind and convictions identified with sexual orientation. Sex saturates all parts of Maori life, and particularly in the typical representation Social specialists need to remain an expert situation. They need to give and remain focused judgmental, non-one-sided and non-biased administrations. Human development process through the life span There are eight spans of human development, including the foetal period, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. Through the life span, social workers always have some changes as growth, maintenance, regulation, and perception. The changes that occur through life experience and always are considered with culture. Social policy in New Zealand It can help understudies comprehend the contention of qualities and points of view in the definition and execution of arrangements, and with the hypothesis of social arrangement and that they will experience in the field of practice. Social services need to comprehend the social arrangements in New Zealand. They need to see unmistakably the standards and systems by which government looks to influence the improvement of society. That social work practice is affected by any chosen government toward its specific standards. Social administration offices re-adjust to the moving approaches of new chose governments. Aotearoa New Zealand social service The association is considered to represent the interests of New Zealands major institutions of social workers. New Zealand is a multi-culture society. The Aotearoa New Zealand social services are always available to all cultures. Then, social worker should reflect the respect and dignity to all of those who access the services. The organization supports, various forms of contact representatives and advocates for social housing organizations. There are many aspects of the organization of national staff skills in organizational development and health service delivery. Organisation and management in the social services Social work management and administration will find that there is a very good choice for entry-level management works. There are a broad level of social work theory, value and practice in organization and management, so the services provided for public access are of quality and have effect. Organisation and management need to reflect bi-culture polices. Provides a fairly a limited number of links to resources management and materials management of social work in social work. Research methodology in the social services The purpose of social work research is to solve practical problems in social work practice or social policy, the establishment of social work knowledge base. Research methodology in the social services need to be performed with purpose of obtaining factual and non-judgemental evidence. Production of general application to other professions and disciplines can guide social policy and social work practice. The research methodology should reflect the culture, economic, political and any other societal needs of people. The study method in related fields, the findings can be applied to the reference value of social work are included in this entry. Users of the social services There are lots of users of social services in all over the New Zealand. Huge numbers of users are Maori people. Social services help Maori people to provide access to healthcare services, so that they can increase their knowledge to fight with deadly diseases. Social workers need to make sure the safety and confidentially of consumers. All relevant information of clients do not allow for public. Those who are consumers of social service should be informed of their rights and have their rights adhered. Law and social work In social work practice, law and social work is a disciplinary role. Social work and law refers to the practice of social work and the legal system, including statutes, case law, legal institutions AZZASW provides social workers with a range of services including professional development and competency and re-certification. Each social worker needs to understand and follow the law when delivering care. The law will guide for social workers about the boundaries, safety for clients, the knowledge as Privacy Act, Children, Young Persons their families Act. The law should provide physicians with knowledge of their rights and obligations of customers in a wide range of practical understanding of social relations. Personal development Personal development is a section in social work practice. The personal development will improve the social services expert practice. Self-improvement is a deep rooted procedure. This is a path for individuals to evaluate their aptitudes and qualities that their objective in life. There ought to be an incorporated practice. Through the personal development, it may help social services get to be mindful of blind sides in the practice and learning. It can influence to the reliance and self viability of social specialist. Social work ethics Social workers should relate the code of ethics in social work practices. Then, ethics is identified in social work practice as professional role within Aotearoa. Social workers should respect all ethics. Education Social workers should get concerned and try to understand the nature of social diversity and oppression with respect to race, ethnicity, nationality, colour, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration status, and mental or physical disability. Models of practice, including Iwi and Maori models of practice Maori models of practice are used within social work practice researched and validated to provide best services. Through the development, Maori people have some models of practice of health. For example, Te Whare Tapa Wha health models that mention about 4 factors as physical health, spiritual health, family health and mental health. Critical Reflection achieve this Kaupapa Maori research practice can help us make the subconscious becomes conscious. Working with particular clients groups Maori refers to the act of social work learning or Matauranga Maori is more application to social work. The accomplishment of Maori and exploration extends in 6 parts lodging, social administrations, training, job and preparing, equity, wellbeing. This topic specifies about moral limits. Social specialist hone must reflex moral limits when working with distinctive gathering in light of the fact that they have diverse society. Moral limits incorporate having non judgmental and non one-sided practices. Cross culture practice Resources refer to resources and to provide cultural advice and providing cultural services in response to knowledge networks. The social worker competency should include cross culture. Cross culture practice is the ability of social worker to perceive. Identify culture risks and how to avoid the risks to provide culture safety. Social worker services provide and put policies and procedure in placement to monitor the risks. The ability to practice social work in Aotearoa New Zealand different ethnic and cultural groups, thus requiring social workers. Current issues in social work practice Social worker need to keep themselves inform the present issues in social work practice. There are many good sources of information, current issues and research about social worker practice that is helpful for social worker to develop the knowledge. How social workers can make a difference in New Zealand global issues not generally discussed daily lunch, or a part of the Foreign Office to talk about them smokers and alcohol. Task 3 Situation 1 Law and social worker The social workers have to understand about law in social work practice. The law in social work practice will direct the social worker avoid the risks. Social workers clients understand the role in work placement. Gender and sexuality Mr. X wants to wear female clothes. The social workers do not allow teasing him about the way he wearing. They have to provide a professional behaviour. The Human right Act does not permit discrimination against people on the basis of gender or sexuality. So do not tell him to â€Å"you looks like a woman† because he will be upset. Users of social service I informed of his rights. Social workers need to know about their rights in social work practice. Situation 2 Cross culture practice Mr. Y wants to learn about Maori culture. So social worker needs to teach some Maori language. And Social workers also need to know about Maori culture. It’s also help to social worker develop the knowledge Maori culture. Te Reo, Tikanga and development of Iwi and Maori Social workers need to provide appropriate service Maori values, beliefs. Maori language needs to have right used in social work practice. Always think about Maori culture and avoid the big problem. Models of practice: Mr. Y is provided spiritual health by respecting Maori customs and values, family health. Mr. Y is provided services which merge of Te Whare Tapa Wha health model that mentions about factors as physical health, and mental health. Task 4 Part 1: Part 2: New learning that is what social workers can work experience. New learning can provide the knowledge for social worker. The link between new learning and social work theory and research is to increase new learning to others social work theory and research. Social workers should improve them knowledge and skills social worker theory and research. We can provide the good quality to clients its good experience for social workers. Task 5 Part 1: I learn many things from Agape care. Agape Care is Intellectual disability placement for clients. I have experiences about how to be with intellectual disability clients. It was good for my skills. Now I know some important things for example, I should check about clients profile and policies before I meet with clients. This is because if I know about clients, it can be easy to become good clients and social workers. They have meeting with other social worker and team leader and doctor and family that time I knew that meeting is important for plan. So it’s mean we have to check clients every day. Anyway I should to say for Agape care people. â€Å"Thank you so much for teach me†. I know about Maori culture and little bit Maori language from my clients. It is really help for my future social worker. Part 2: Development for future social work practice I learn about how to be social worker. I theoretical and values learning and practice learning will impact my in terms of personal and professional changes in the way my work in the future. I will keep remember this skill and time. When I time to work with who has intellectual disability I will use all the skills.

Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 13

I he next day, Gillian tried to concentrate on normal things. She hurried to school, feeling unrested-had she had nightmares?-and desperately in need of distraction. All day at school, she threw herself into activities, chattering and laughing and keeping people around her, talking about Christmas and parties and finals. It worked. Angel was very gentle, keeping quietly in the background. All the other students were hyperactive with the thought of only two more days of school. And by the afternoon Gillian had become caught up in her own frantic good spirits. â€Å"We don't even have a tree,† she said to David. â€Å"And it's five days to Christmas Eve. I have to drag my mom out and buy one.† â€Å"Don't buy one,† David said, smiling at her with his dark eyes. â€Å"I'll take you out tonight to a place I know. It's beautiful, and the trees are free.† He winked. â€Å"I'll bring the station wagon,† Gillian said. â€Å"Lots of room. I like big trees.† At home, she stayed busy, prodding her mother to wrap packages and dust off the plastic Christmas flower arrangements. There was no talk with Angel about how to tell her mother about witches. She was still happy when she picked David up after dinner. He seemed a little subdued, but she wasn't in the mood to ask questions. Instead, she talked about the party Steffi Lockhart was giving on Friday night. It was a long drive, and she was running out of speculations about Steffi's party when David finally said, â€Å"Somewhere along here, I think.† â€Å"Okay. I'll take one of those.† Gillian pointed at the sixty-look-alike fern trees that lined the road. David smiled. â€Å"There are some smaller ones farther in.† There were so many that Gillian had a hard time choosing. At last, she settled on a balsam fir with a perfect silhouette, like a plump lady holding out her skirts. It was wonderfully aromatic as she and David chopped it down and half dragged, half carried it to the car. â€Å"I just love that smell,† she said. â€Å"And I don't even care that my gloves are ruined.† David didn't answer. He was quiet as he tied the back of the station wagon closed around the tree. He was quiet as they got in the car and Gillian began to drive. And Gillian couldn't stand it anymore. Little waves of acid were lapping in her stomach. â€Å"What's wrong? You haven't been talking all night.† â€Å"I'm sorry.† He let out his breath, looking out the window. â€Å"I guess †¦ I was just thinking about Tanya.† Gillian blinked. â€Å"Tanya? Should I be jealous?† He glanced at her. â€Å"No, I mean-her arm.† A strange sort of prickling cascaded over Gillian, and in that moment everything changed forever. She seemed to ask the next question in a huge, quivering stillness. â€Å"What about her arm?† â€Å"You didn't hear? I thought somebody would've called you. They took her to the hospital this afternoon.† â€Å"Oh, my God.† â€Å"Yeah, but it's worse. That thing they thought was a rash was necrotizing something-or-other †¦ you know, that flesh-eating bacteria.† Gillian opened her mouth, but no sound came out. The road in front of her seemed very dim. â€Å"Cory said she can't have any visitors-her arm swelled up to three times its normal size. They had to cut it open all the way from her shoulder to her finger to drain it. They think she might lose her finger-â€Å" â€Å"Stop it!† A suppressed scream. David looked at her quickly. â€Å"I'm sorry-â€Å" â€Å"No! Just don't talk!† Gillian's automatic reflexes had taken over driving the car. She was hardly aware of anything outside her own body. All her concentration was fixed on the drama inside her own mind. (Angel! Did you hear that? What is going on?) (Of course I heard it.) The voice was slow and thoughtful. (Well, is it true? Is it?) (Look, let's talk about this later, all right, kid? Let's wait-) (No! Everything with you is â€Å"Wait† or â€Å"We'll talk about it later.† I want to know right now: is it true?) (Is what true?) (Is Tanya that sick? Is she about to lose her finger?) (It's just an infection, Gillian. Streptococcus pyogenes. You were the one who put it there.) (You're saying it is true. It's true. I did it with my spell. I gave her flesh-eating bacteria.) Gillian threw the thoughts out wildly, disjointedly. She couldn't really grasp what it all meant yet. (Gillian, we had to stop her from destroying David. It was necessary.) (No! No! You knew I didn't really want to hurt her. What are you talking about? How can you even say that?) Gillian was in hysteria again, a strange hysteria of the mind. She was vaguely aware that she was still driving, that fences and trees were flying by. Her body was sitting in the car, breathing quickly, speeding, but her real self seemed to be in another place. (You lied to me. You told me she was all right. Why did you do that?) (Calm down, dragonfly-) (Don't call me that! How can you just-just sit there†¦ and not care? What kind of person are you?) And then-Angel's voice changed. He didn't get hysterical or agitated; it was much worse. His voice became calmer. More melodious. Pleasant. (I'm just dispensing justice. It's what angels do, you know.) Icy horror swept over Gillian. He sounded insane. â€Å"Oh, God,† she said, and she said it out loud. David looked at her. â€Å"Hey-are you okay?† She scarcely heard him. She was thinking with fevered intensity: (I don't know what you are, but you are not an angel.) (Gillian, listen to me. We don't have to fight. I love you-) (Then tell me how to fix Tanya!) Silence. (I'll find out myself. I'll go back to Melusine-) (No!) (Then tell me! Or heal Tanya yourself if you're a real angel!) A pause. Then: (Gillian, I've got an idea. A way to make David love you more.) (What are you talking about?) (We need to give him a near-death experience. Then he'll be able to truly understand you. We need to make him die.) Everything blurred. Gillian knew they were nearing Somerset, they were on familiar streets. But for a moment her vision went completely gray and sparkling. â€Å"Gillian!† A hand was on hers, a real hand, steadying the wheel. â€Å"Are you all right? Do you want me to drive?† â€Å"I'm okay.† Her vision had cleared. She just wanted to get home. She had to get to that shoe box and fix the spell on Tanya somehow. She had to get home †¦ to safety†¦ But nowhere was safe. (Don't you understand?) The voice was soft and insidious in her ear. (David can never really be like you until he's died the way you have. We have to make him die-) â€Å"No!† She realized she was speaking aloud again. â€Å"Stop talking to me! Go away!† David was staring at her. â€Å"Gillian-â€Å" (I don't want to hurt you, Gillian. Only him. And he'll come back, I promise. He might be a little different. But he'll still love you.) Different†¦ David's body. Angel wanted David's body. As David left, Angel would take possession†¦. They were almost home. But she couldn't get away from the voice. How do you get away from something that's in your own mind? She couldn't shut it out. †¦ (Just let go, Gillian. Let me take over. I'll drive for you. I love you, Gillian.) â€Å"No!† She was panting, her hands gripping the steering wheel so hard it hurt. The word came out jerkily. â€Å"David! You have to drive. I can't-â€Å" (Relax, Gillian. You won't be harmed. I promise.) And she couldn't let go of the steering wheel. The voice seemed to be inside her body, diffusing through her muscles. She couldn't take her foot off the accelerator. â€Å"Gillian, slow down!† David was yelling now. â€Å"Look out!† (It will only take a second†¦) Gillian's world had been switched into an old-time movie. The flickering black-and-white kind. With each frame, the telephone pole in front of her got bigger and bigger. It was happening very slowly, but at the same time with utter inevitability. They were rushing oh-so-slowly toward that pole, and they were going to hit. On the right side of the car, where David was sitting. (No! I'll hate you forever†¦) She screamed it in her mind and the last word seemed to echo endlessly. There was time for that. And then there was a loud sound and darkness. â€Å"Can I see him?† â€Å"Not yet, honey.† Her mother scooted the plastic chair closer to the emergency room bed. â€Å"Probably not tonight.† â€Å"But I have to.† â€Å"Gillian, he's unconscious. He wouldn't even know you were there.† â€Å"But I have to see him.† Gillian felt the hysteria swelling again, and she damped her mouth shut. She didn't want a shot, which is what the nurses had said they were going to give her when she started screaming earlier. She had been here for hours. Ever since the cars with the flashing lights came and pried the station wagon door open and pulled her out. They'd pulled David out, too. But while she had been completely unhurt-â€Å"A mirade! Not even a scratch!† the paramedic had said to her mother-David had been unconscious. And had stayed that way ever since. The emergency room was cold and it didn't seem to matter how many heated blankets they wrapped around her. Gillian kept shivering. Her hands were blue-white and pinched looking. â€Å"Daddy's coming home,† her mother said, stroking her arm. â€Å"He's taking the first plane he could get. You'll see him tomorrow morning.† Gillian shivered. â€Å"Is this the same hospital- where Tanya Jun is? No, don't ask. I don't really want to know.† She stuck her hands under her armpits. â€Å"I'm so cold†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And alone. There was no soft voice hi her head. And that was good, because, God, the last thing she wanted was Angel-or rather that thing, whatever it was, that monster that had called itself an angel. But it was strange after so long. To be all alone†¦ and not know where he might be lurking. He could be listening to her thoughts right now†¦ â€Å"I'll get another blanket.† The nurse had shown her mother the heated closet. â€Å"If you could just lie down, honey, maybe you'd feel like sleeping a little.† â€Å"I can't sleep! I have to go see David.† â€Å"Hon, I already told you. You're not going to see him tonight.† â€Å"You said I might not get to see him. You didn't say I wouldn't! You only said probably!† Gillian's voice was rising, getting more shrill, and there was nothing she could do about it. The tears were coming, too, flooding down uncontrollably. She was choking on them. A nurse came hurrying in, the white curtains around the bed swirling. â€Å"It's all right; it's natural,† she said softly to Gillian's mother. And to Gillian: â€Å"Now, just lean over a little-hold still. A little pinch. This is something to help you relax.† Gillian felt a sting at her hip. A short time later everything got blurry and the tears stopped. She woke up in her own bed. It was morning. Pale sunlight was shining full in the window. Last night†¦ oh, yes. She could vaguely remember her mom and Mrs. Beeler, their next-door neighbor, leading her from the hospital to Mrs. Beeler's car. She remembered them taking her upstairs and undressing her and putting her to bed. After that she'd had hours of wonderful not-thinking. And now she was awake and rested and her head was clear. She knew exactly what she had to do even before she swung her legs out from under the covers. She glanced at the ancient Snoopy clock on her nightstand and got a shock. Twelve thirty-five. No wonder she was rested. Efficiently, without making a sound, she put on Levis and a gray sweatshirt. No makeup. She ran a comb once through her hair. She paused, then, to listen. Not just to the house, but to herself. To the world inside her own brain. Dead quiet. Not a creature stirring. Not that that meant a thing, of course. Gillian knelt and pulled the shoe box out from under her bed. The wax dolls were garish, red and green, like a hideous parody of Christmas. Her first impulse at the sight of that poisonous green was to get rid of it. Snap off one doll's hand and the other's head. But what that would do to Tanya and Kim, she didn't want to think. Instead, she forced herself to get a Q-tip from the bathroom, soak it in water, and dab the iridescent green powder away. She cried as she did it. She tried to concentrate as she had when she'd done the spell, seeing the real Tanya's hand, seeing it heal and become whole. â€Å"Now may I be given the power of the words of Hecate,† she whispered. â€Å"It is not I who utter them, it is not I who repeat them; it is Hecate who utters them, it is she who repeats them.† When the powder was off, she put the dolls back in the box. Then she blew her nose and rummaged through the pile on her desk until she found a small pink-flowered address book. She sat on the floor crosslegged, dragged the phone close, and thumbed through the book. There. Daryl Novak's cellular phone number. She dialed quickly and shut her eyes. Answer. Answer. â€Å"Hello,† a languid voice said. Her eyes flew open. â€Å"Daryl, this is Gillian. I need you to do me an enormous favor, and I need you to do it now. And I can't even explain why-â€Å" â€Å"Gillian, are you okay? Everybody's been worried about you.† â€Å"I'm fine, but I can't talk. I need you to go find Amy Nowick; she's got†-Gillian thought frantically-â€Å"uh, honors chemistry this period. I need you to tell her to drive to the corner of Hazel and Applebutter Street and wait for me there.† â€Å"You want her to leave school?† â€Å"Right now. Tell her I know it's a lot to ask, but I need this. It's really important.† She expected questions. But instead, all Daryl said was, â€Å"Leave it to me. I'll find her.† â€Å"Thanks, Daryl. You're a lifesaver.† Gillian hung up and found her ski jacket. Tucking the shoe box under her arm, she walked very quietly downstairs. She could hear voices from the kitchen. A low voice-her dad's. Part of her wanted to run to him. But what would her parents do if they saw her? Keep her safe and bundled up, keep her here. They wouldn't understand what she had to do. There was no question of telling them the truth, of course. That would just get her another shot. And, eventually, maybe a visit to the mental hospital where her mother had stayed. Everyone would think delusions ran in the family. She moved stealthily to the front door, quietly opened it, slipped out. Sometime during the night it had rained and then frozen. Ice hung like dewdrops from the twigs of the hickory tree in the yard. Gillian ducked her head and hurried down the street. She hoped no one was watching, but she had the feeling of eyes staring from between bare branches and out of shadows. At the comer of Hazel and Applebutter she stood with her arms wrapped around the box, hopping a little to keep warm. It's a lot to ask†¦ It was a lot to ask, especially considering the way she'd treated Amy recently. And it was funny, considering all the new friends she'd made, that it was Amy she turned to instinctively when she was in trouble. But†¦ there was something solid and genuine and good in Amy. And Gillian knew that she would show up. The Geo swung around the corner and skidded to a stop. Typical Amy-without-glasses driving. Then Amy was jumping out, her face turned anxiously toward Gillian's. Her blue eyes were huge and seemed luminous with tears. And then they were hugging and crying. Both of them. â€Å"I'm so sorry. I've been so rotten this last week-â€Å" â€Å"But I was rotten to you before that-â€Å" â€Å"I feel awful. You have every right to be mad at me-â€Å" â€Å"Ever since I heard about the accident, I've been so worried.† Gillian pulled back. â€Å"I can't stay. I don't have time. And I know how this sounds coming from somebody who hit a pole last night†¦ but I need your car. For one thing, I've got to go see David.† Amy nodded, blotting her eyes. â€Å"Say no more.† â€Å"I can drop you off at home-â€Å" â€Å"It's the wrong way. It won't hurt me to walk. I want to walk.† Gillian almost laughed. The sight of Amy dabbing her face with her muffler and stamping her foot on the icy sidewalk, determined to walk, warmed her heart. She hugged her again, fast. â€Å"Thank you. I'll never forget it. And I'll never be the terrible person I've been to you again, at least-â€Å" She broke off and got in the car. She'd been about to finish the sentence â€Å"-at least, if I live through this.† Because she wasn't at all sure that she would. But the first thing was to get to David. She had to see him with her own eyes. To make sure he was all right†¦ and that he was himself. She gunned the motor and set out for Houghton.

Pecan Tree Essay

1. Hi, my name is John Doe. I am here to inform you on the historical background of pecan trees. First I will explain the characteristics of pecan trees and then move into who founded the tree first and how the tree benefited them. Lastly, I will bring you up to date on how the tree has been domesticated and the benefits that it brings today. 2. The pecan tree starts off small and eventually gets bigger over time like pretty much everything else in the world. The best chance for this tree to survive is to plant it in alluvial or other words (riverbed) soil that is deep and well drained.However, pecan trees can grow on any soil that allows water penetration to a depth of four or five feet 3. The Pecan tree’s growth rate is roughly 2 feet per year. The trees will begin producing a few nuts three to four years after being planted significant production can be achieved in six to eight years. And good production will begin around the ninth or tenth year. 4. The pecan, Carya illinoi nensis, is a member of the plant family Juglandaceae. This family includes the walnuts and the hickories. The pecan is a large tree, often growing to 100 feet high or more and has a stately appearance.It has been proclaimed the state tree of Texas. 5. Pecan trees may live and bear edible nuts for more than 300 years. The crown of the pecan tree is roughly rounded or oval in shape, which can have a spread up to 75 feet wide. 6. For those of you who do not know what a pecan tree leaves looks like, they are green in color during the spring and summer, and when fall hits they start to turn a yellowish color. The leaves will eventually fall completely off the tree during winter season because these trees are considered to be deciduous trees, meaning they are seasonal, unlike evergreens which stay green all year long. . Here is a picture of the bark of a pecan tree. The bark of a pecan tree is grayish in color and has a rough appearance to it, which is relatively thin. The picture also sh ows the base of the tree which can reach up to six feet in diameter. 8. A pecan, like the fruit of all other members of the hickory genus, is not truly a nut, but is technically a drupe, a fruit with a single stone or pit, surrounded by a husk. The husks are produced from the exocarp tissue of the flower, while the part known as the nut develops from the endocarp and contains the seed 9. The outer husk is 3–4 mm (0. 2–0. 16 in) thick, starts out green and turns brown at maturity, which ranges from (1. 0–2. 4 in) long and (0. 59–1. 2 in) broad, and over time it will split off into four sections to release the thin-shelled nut. [2][4][5][ 10. Pecans come in a variety of sizes – mammoth, extra-large, large, medium, small and midget. They also come in several forms including whole pecans, pecan halves, pieces, granules and meal. There are over 1,000 varieties of pecans. Many are named for Native American Indian tribes, including Cheyenne, Mohawk, Sioux , Choctaw and Shawnee. 1. Pecans are native to a number of states in southern and Midwestern United States and to scattered locations in Mexico, but are most common in Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. They have been growing over their present range in the U. S. for at least 8000 years and, based on archaeological and ethnohistoric data, were an important source of food for people who inhabited certain areas within this range in prehistoric and early historic times 12. Before European settlement, pecans were widely consumed and traded by Native Americans.As a food source, pecans are a natural choice for preagricultural society. They can provide two to five times more calories per unit weight than wild game, and require no preparation. 13. many years after the discovery of the pecan tree by the Native Americans the United States has become the world’s leader in pecan production. While exact numbers for world production are unknown, it is estimated that the U. S. produces 75 perc ent of the world’s pecans 14. Pecans are produced on about a million acres worldwide.Since the exact number for worldwide production is unknown there is a estimation of about 200 to 300 million pounds produced each year However, unlike most cultivated crops, the domestication of the pecan tree did not started until the late 1800’s 15. And since then there have been new inventions called harvesters that issues a burst of powerful high frequency vibrations that, for 10-15 seconds, it shakes all the pecans out of the entire tree creating a noisily intense crackling hail of pecan nuts, a dense shower, followed by an eerie silence that will leave any observer stunned 16.Also, the trees are planted in rows to make for an easier harvest. Also, before a shelled pecan is ready to be sold, it must first be cleaned, sized, sterilized, cracked and finally, shelled. 17. 6Unlike other horticultural crops, the native pecan is very important commercially. Most of these species are con centrated in the Northern Hemisphere of the New World, but can be found on every continent except for Antarctica 18. The Pecan Trees and the nuts have not changed a whole lot, since the Natives irst discovered them, but the way they are harvested has changed drastically. Unlike, the Native trees that were kept natural and could only produce what its genes allowed it too. Now there is grafting of trees to make the tree produce better 19. Not to mention the sprays that is used to keep disease down and the attack of bugs on the tree or the nuts themselves. I hope you know a little more about pecan trees and there origin and how much they have been domesticated to meet our needs. And to think all of this is being done to harvest a tiny pecan nut

The Ethics Of The Animal Welfare Movement Essay - 1727 Words

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